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Psychology 101 comprehensive study guide

Table of contents

  • Course overview
  • Lecture 1: What is psychology?
  • Lecture 2: Research methods
  • Practice questions
  • Study strategies

Course overview

Meeting times: MWF 10:10-11:00 AM, Lab Tuesdays 2:00-4:50 PM
Office hours: Tuesdays 1-3 PM, Thursdays 11 AM-1 PM

Key dates to remember
  • February 21: Midterm exam 1
  • March 7: Article critique due
  • April 4: Midterm exam 2
  • May 12: Final exam (8:00-11:00 AM)
Grade breakdown
  • Midterm exam 1: 20%
  • Midterm exam 2: 20%
  • Final exam: 30%
  • Research participation: 10%
  • Lab assignments & quizzes: 10%
  • Class participation: 5%
  • Article critique: 5%

Lecture 1: What is psychology?

Core definition

Psychology = The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Key characteristics of psychology as a science
  • Uses empirical methods (observation and experimentation)
  • Seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior
  • Builds theories based on systematic research
  • Follows scientific method principles
Historical timeline
Philosophical roots (Ancient times - 1800s)

Ancient Greeks: Mind-body problem

  • Plato: Mind separate from body (dualism)
  • Aristotle: Mind and body connected (monism)

Later philosophers:

  • René Descartes: Cartesian dualism
  • John Locke: Empiricism and "blank slate" (tabula rasa)
Birth of scientific psychology (1879)
  • Wilhelm Wundt: First psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany
  • Introduced introspection as research method
  • Structuralism: Breaking consciousness into basic elements
Early schools of thought
Functionalism (William James, G. Stanley Hall)
  • Focus: Purpose and adaptation of mental processes
  • Key concept: "Stream of consciousness"
Behaviorism (John Watson, B.F. Skinner)
  • Focus: Only observable behavior should be studied
  • Rejected introspection and consciousness
  • Famous quote: "Give me a dozen healthy infants..."
Gestalt psychology (Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler)
  • Key principle: "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
  • Emphasized perception and problem-solving
Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)
  • Focus: Unconscious mind drives behavior
  • Methods: Dream analysis, free association
  • Concepts: Defense mechanisms, psychosexual development
Modern psychological perspectives
Biological perspective
  • Brain structure and function
  • Neurotransmitters, hormones, genetics
  • Evolutionary influences
Cognitive perspective
  • Mental processes: thinking, memory, perception
  • Information processing model
  • Language and problem-solving
Behavioral perspective
  • Learning through conditioning
  • Environmental influences
  • Behavior modification
Humanistic perspective
  • Human potential and self-actualization
  • Free will and personal choice
  • Carl Rogers: Unconditional positive regard
  • Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of needs
Psychodynamic perspective
  • Unconscious motivations
  • Early childhood experiences
  • Modern neo-Freudian approaches
Sociocultural perspective
  • Cultural influences on behavior
  • Social learning and modeling
  • Cross-cultural psychology
Major subfields
Basic research areas
  • Experimental psychology: Laboratory studies of learning, memory, cognition
  • Developmental psychology: Changes across lifespan
  • Social psychology: How others influence our thoughts and behaviors
  • Personality psychology: Individual differences and traits
  • Biological/physiological psychology: Brain-behavior relationships
Applied areas
  • Clinical psychology: Diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders
  • Counseling psychology: Helping people with life problems
  • Educational psychology: Learning and teaching processes
  • Industrial/organizational psychology: Workplace behavior
  • Health psychology: Psychological factors in physical health
  • Forensic psychology: Psychology and legal system

Lecture 2: Research methods

The scientific method in psychology
  1. Observation and question formation
    • Notice patterns in behavior
    • Ask specific, testable questions
  2. Literature review
    • Research existing studies
    • Identify gaps in knowledge
  3. Hypothesis formation
    • Testable prediction about variables
    • Must be falsifiable
  4. Research design → Data collection → Analysis → Interpretation → Replication
Variables in psychological research
Independent variable (IV)
  • Variable manipulated by researcher
  • The "cause" in cause-and-effect relationship
Dependent variable (DV)
  • Variable measured by researcher
  • The "effect" in cause-and-effect relationship
Confounding variables
  • Unwanted variables that might influence results
  • Must be controlled or eliminated

Types of research methods

Descriptive methods

Note: Observe and describe, cannot determine cause-and-effect

Case studies
  • In-depth study of individual
  • Examples: Phineas Gage, H.M.
Surveys
  • Questionnaires/interviews with large groups
Naturalistic observation
  • Observe behavior in natural environment
Correlational research
  • Examines relationships between variables
  • Correlation coefficient (r) ranges from -1.00 to +1.00
  • CRITICAL: Correlation does NOT equal causation!
  • Third variable problem: Unknown factor might cause both
Experimental method
  • The ONLY method that can determine cause-and-effect relationships
  • Key features: Random assignment, manipulation of IV, control of variables

Ethics in psychological research

  • Informed consent: Participants must understand what they're agreeing to
  • Deception and debriefing: Minimal deception, full explanation after
  • Confidentiality: Protect participants' privacy
  • Risk-benefit analysis: Benefits must outweigh risks

Practice questions

Lecture 1: What is psychology?
Multiple choice
  1. Psychology is best defined as the scientific study of:
    • a) Mental illness
    • b) Behavior and mental processes
    • c) The brain and nervous system
    • d) Human interactions
  2. Who established the first psychology laboratory?
    • a) William James
    • b) John Watson
    • c) Wilhelm Wundt
    • d) Sigmund Freud
  3. The belief that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is associated with:
    • a) Behaviorism
    • b) Functionalism
    • c) Gestalt psychology
    • d) Psychoanalysis
Short answer
  1. Explain the difference between dualism and monism in the mind-body problem.
  2. Compare and contrast structuralism and functionalism.
  3. Which psychological perspective would be most likely to study how brain chemistry affects mood? Explain your answer.
Lecture 2: Research methods
Multiple choice
  1. In an experiment studying the effects of caffeine on memory, caffeine would be the:
    • a) Dependent variable
    • b) Independent variable
    • c) Confounding variable
    • d) Control variable
  2. A correlation coefficient of -0.85 indicates:
    • a) A weak negative relationship
    • b) A strong positive relationship
    • c) A strong negative relationship
    • d) No relationship
  3. Which research method is the ONLY one that can establish cause-and-effect relationships?
    • a) Case study
    • b) Survey
    • c) Correlational study
    • d) Experimental method
Application scenarios
  1. A researcher finds that students who study with music score lower on tests than those who study in silence. The researcher concludes that music causes poor test performance. What's wrong with this conclusion?
  2. Design a simple experiment to test whether exercise improves mood. Identify the IV, DV, and potential confounding variables.
Ethics scenario

A researcher wants to study the effects of stress on problem-solving but doesn't tell participants they'll be stressed because it might affect their behavior. Is this ethical? What ethical principles are involved?

Study strategies

For memorizing definitions
  • Create flashcards for key terms
  • Use the terms in original sentences
  • Connect terms to real-world examples
  • Practice explaining concepts to others
For understanding research methods
  • Practice identifying IV and DV in research scenarios
  • Create your own simple experimental designs
  • Look for research examples in news articles
  • Practice explaining why correlation ≠ causation
For historical information
  • Create a timeline of psychology's development
  • Make concept maps connecting related ideas
  • Use the provided mnemonics
  • Focus on how each approach built on or reacted to previous ones
For connecting perspectives to behavior
  • Take any behavior (e.g., helping others) and explain it from each perspective
  • Practice identifying which perspective would be most interested in specific research questions
  • Create charts comparing how different perspectives would approach the same problem
Exam preparation tips
  • Review lecture notes within 24 hours of class
  • Complete practice questions after each topic
  • Form study groups to discuss concepts
  • Use active recall rather than just re-reading
  • Connect new material to previously learned concepts
  • Attend office hours for clarification on difficult topics

Final review checklist

Before midterm 1:
  • Can define psychology and its key characteristics
  • Know major historical figures and their contributions
  • Understand all six modern perspectives
  • Can identify different subfields of psychology
  • Understand research methods and variables
  • Know ethical principles
  • Can analyze research scenarios
Study resources:
  • Textbook chapters 1-2
  • Lecture notes and recordings
  • Lab manual exercises
  • Practice quizzes on Canvas
  • Office hours for clarification on difficult topics
  • Study groups with classmates

Remember: Focus on understanding concepts rather than just memorizing facts. Psychology builds on itself, so master these foundations for success throughout the course!

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